Volcanic Assignment

Melanie Brooke Yeakley 1. What is the myth from which volcanoes get their name? †¢It comes from the little island of Vulcano in the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily. Centuries ago, the people living in this area believed that Vulcano was the chimney of the forge of Vulcan–the blacksmith of the Roman gods. They thought that the hot lava fragments and clouds of dust erupting from Vulcano came from Vulcan's forge as he beat out thunderbolts for Jupiter, king of the gods, and weapons for Mars, the god of war. 2. What is the difference between magma and lava? Molten rock below the surface of the Earth that rises in volcanic vents is known as  magma, but after it erupts from a volcano it is called  lava 3. What are the main types of volcanoes? †¢cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. 4. The Hawaiian Islands are what type of volcano? How tall is Mauna Loa? †¢Shield volcanoes; 13,677 feet above sea level 5. What type of volcanoes are the mo st violent? †¢Plinian 6. Are all eruptions alike? Describe the type of eruption of Mt. St Helens? †¢No; †¢It involves the explosive ejection of relatively viscous lava, it can send ash and volcanic gas tens of miles into the air.The resulting ash fallout can affect large areas hundreds of miles downwind. Fast-moving deadly pyroclastic flows 7. The Pacific ring of Fire is an example of volcanoes that form at ___________ _____________. †¢Plate boundary The Hawaiian Islands are examples of ____-________ ______________. †¢Intra plate 8. What are some of the common methods used to study volcanic related phenomena? †¢Measurement of changes in the shape of the volcano †¢Precise determination of the location and magnitude of earthquakes by a well-designed seismic network †¢Measurement of changes in volcanic-gas composition and in magnetic field 9.Go to intro to granite and play with the clickable map. This photo shows an excellent example of a phaneri tic (coarse grained) texture. These type of textures form from the slow cooling of plutonic or intrusive igneous rocks. What is the pink mineral? †¢Igneous rock †¢potassium feldspar 10. Why is granite like ice cream? The analogy is humorous, but good. †¢Both ice cream and granite start out as liquids which when cooled became solid, and both will melt again if the temperature gets hot enough. †¢Both  ice cream  and granite become crystalline when they become solid. Part 2 Most of these questions can answered using your text. Chapter 6) 11. What two criteria are used to identify igneous rocks? †¢Chemical content and grain size 12. What distinguishes mafic from felsic igneous rocks? (hint think about chemistry) †¢Felsic rocks have more quartz in them. †¢Mafic rocks tend to contain magnesium-rich minerals like olivine and pyroxene. 13. What are three controls on the melting of rock material? †¢Mineral composition, temperature, pressure 14. Wha t are the tectonic settings associated with the formation of basaltic composition magmas? †¢Basaltic composition magmas occur in oceanic hotspots where a mantle plume interacts with oceanic lithosphere. 5. What is the tectonic setting for the formation of intermediate composition magmas? †¢Convergent boundaries 16. How would you distinguish between an intrusive and extrusive igneous rock? †¢Intrusive  igneous rocks cooled below the surface of the planet, †¢Extrusive  rocks are formed from magma at or above the surface of the planet, 17. What is magmatic differentiation? †¢The process by which chemically different igneous rocks, such as basalt and granite, can form from the same initial magma 18. Which volcanic hazard is the leading cause of death? (section 6. 8) †¢Asphyxiation as peopled breath hot gas and ash

Capitalism and Religion in the Works and Lives of Franklin and Equiano Essay

Capitalism and religion are two subjects which appear frequently in both â€Å"The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin† and â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano,† because these were important parts of the lives of these two men. Both men were able to be players in the capitalist market while still following a spiritual doctrine because each man chose which was more important to him-capitalist goals or Christian morals. For each man, the one which was less important submitted to the one which was more valuable to him. Both men take part in capitalism and religion, but Franklin places capitalism first and Equiano places religion first. Each man made life choices according to this hierarchy of importance, sacrificing parts of the less important in order to pursue and excel in the one they held dearer. Franklin, a hard-working and frugal businessman who many have said embodies the capitalist spirit, made his religious choices around his identity as a capitalist, while the extent of Equiano’s participation and success in the capitalist market was determined by his faith. Both spiritual, both capitalist businessmen, Franklin and Equiano brought together these two seemingly opposed components of their lives by blending the two and taking aspects from each to use in their participation in the other, but always letting the one they considered more important to trump the other in situations where a choice between capitalism and religion had to be made. As Benjamin Franklin explained in his autobiography, he â€Å"never doubted†¦the existence of the Deity† (62), and he described several occasions when he asked God for assistance in times of need, so it is clear he was spiritual. Franklin wished to be morally upright, but he disliked organized religion and found that in each religious sect, the religious beliefs he held were â€Å"mix’d with other articles, which, without any tendency to inspire, promote, or conform morality, serv’d principally to divide us† (62). For this reason, Franklin did not attend church regularly or abide by any one religion, although he agreed with bits and pieces of many different faiths. But he considered himself a moral man, and wished to achieve the same thing encouraged in Christian teachings: â€Å"moral perfection† (63). For this reason, Franklin decided to create his own list of virtues to abide by. Rather than abandoning faith altogether because he could not find a church which was in line with his way of thinking, Franklin created his own personal religion-â€Å"The Art of Virtue.† Present in Franklin’s list of 13 virtues are several which are in accordance with Christianity-temperance, sincerity, justice, chastity, humility-but some key elements of the Christian religion have been removed from the doctrine by which he lives his life. Unlike Christianity, Franklin’s commandments make no mention of monetary accumulation. In many religions, it is stipulated that one who is wealthy cannot reach heaven. In the Bible, Jesus tells his disciples that â€Å"it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of God† (Matthew 10:24). Because this does not serve Franklin’s interest in capitalist success, Franklin omitted from his virtues any mention of greed or accruement of wealth, instead including virtues which he thought were more important, and which served his capitalist aspirations more suitably. Several of his virtues are also non-Christian but clearly in the spirit of capitalism-resolution, frugality, and industry are not tenets of the Christian religion, but were essential in Franklin’s mind for success in the free market and therefore essential in the dogma he followed. By creating and following his own list of virtues, Franklin was able to pick and choose the best from both Christianity and capitalism. However, Franklin’s religious inclinations were formed by, and altered to fit, his capitalist aspirations, and his virtues were created in order to best serve his goals in the capitalist market. Franklin reconciled capitalism and religion by extracting from Christianity the beliefs which were most conducive towards capitalism, then adding morals of his own which were driven directly towards capitalist success. Therefore, he was able to participate in both, following a self-made religion that served the goals of capitalism. Olaudah Equiano, on the other hand, considered himself a Christian above all other labels. To him, religion was the most important aspect of his life, and he was willing to sacrifice everything else before he would compromise his religious beliefs. Equiano’s first introduction to the capitalist system came when he arrived at the port in Bridge Town, Barbados, and was placed in a yard with other slaves to be sold as a commodity. But Equiano did not participate actively in the capitalist system as a person (rather than an article of trade) until much later, when he bought and sold tumblers and other small objects during his trips at sea to earn enough money to purchase his freedom from his master. If it had not been necessary for Equiano to acquire his freedom, it is possible Equiano would never have entered the business arena. Equiano was not interested in having more money than what was required to survive because being greedy was contrary to his religious beliefs, and from the moment of his conversion to Christianity, Equiano’s faith guided his every decision. Unlike Franklin, Equiano did not cherish the spirit of capitalism. To him, money meant freedom, and later, the choice to go where he wanted and not be tethered to one ship or master, but Equiano did not equate money with happiness and instead looked to religion for solace in an unfamiliar world. Capitalism and Christianity were not at odds for Equiano because he never did anything non-Christian in order to achieve success in the capitalist world. When people owed Equiano money for goods delivered but not paid for, Equiano did not act out in revenge towards his debtors. He did what he could within the bounds of the law, and when that did not amount to anything, Equiano forgave the debts and simply continued on, because of his moral outlook on life. Equiano recounted countless times the cruelties black men, both slaves and free men, endured at the hands of white men, such as â€Å"giving [Equiano] however but very indifferent payment† (95) after taking goods from him. He can do nothing about these injustices, and instead trusts that God will give them their punishment in the afterlife. Too often also, to my knowledge, our clerks, and many others, at the same time have committed acts of violence on the poor, wretched, and helpless females†¦ Is not this one common and crying sin enough to bring down God’s judgment on the islands? He tells us the oppressor and the oppressed are both in his hands; and if these are not the poor, the broken-hearted, the blind, the captive, the bruised, which our Saviour speaks of, who are they? (80) Equiano relies on faith to dole out appropriate rewards and consequences after death and so is able to endure and observe many injustices without acting in anger or violence towards his oppressors. Rather than being a cutthroat businessman, Equiano worked honestly, earning money to live but never valuing material possessions over his religious morality. Equiano was a Christian who happened to be living within a capitalist world, but the most important part of his life, his faith, was never on the line because of capitalism-Christianity always came first. There are only two examples in Equiano’s autobiography of him doing something that goes against his religious beliefs. The first comes in Chapter 5, when Equiano swore that he would spend a day in London â€Å"in rambling and sport† (70). Shortly afterwards, Equiano felt terrible about saying something rashly and without thinking, and he asked God for forgiveness: he â€Å"acknowledged [his] transgression to God, and poured out [his] soul before Him with unfeigned repentance, and with earnest supplications [Equiano] besaught him not to abandon [him] in [his] distress† (70). Equiano immediately attempted to apologize to God for his wrong actions, and felt extremely guilty for having committed what appeared to be a small sin. The second occasion, in chapter 8, is very similar. Equiano cursed, â€Å"Damn the vessel’s bottom out,† (112) but immediately afterwards his conscience â€Å"smote† him for swearing, and he experienced guilt for his seemingly petty misdeed. These two examples show how strictly Equiano followed his religious teachings-he considered the act of swearing to be a large affront to God, and feared for his salvation because of his small sins. To him, straying from Christian morals at any time in any part of his life was unacceptable, and this governed his actions as a player in the capitalist market as well as in every other arena of his life. Equiano’s success as a businessman was not as great as it could have been if Equiano had been a more competitive salesperson and truly valued success in the capitalist market, but he chose to sacrifice this monetary success in order to follow his religious morals more strictly. His priorities determined his actions-as a capitalist Christian, rather than a Christian capitalist, Equiano made choices that put his faith first, and instead of striving for wealth and success, endeavored towards the redemption of his soul and eternal happiness. The actions Equiano took during his life were trivial to him as a devout Christian, because he believed that he would spend the rest of eternity in Heaven as reward for his morality while on earth. For Equiano, capitalism was just a system in the world of man, and money was not worth risking his eternal well-being over. Both Benjamin Franklin and Olaudah Equiano were successful businessmen who lived their lives according to religious principles-Franklin by his made-to-fit capitalist-influenced list of virtues, and Equiano by the teachings of Christianity and the Bible. But Franklin was a bigger financial and public success, because his achievement as a capitalist was most important to him. Franklin laid out a list of virtues for himself in order to pave the way for the most possible financial success and public acclaim-his â€Å"religion† served the spirit of capitalism. Equiano was only a mediocre financial success because he was not oriented towards the accumulation of wealth. Instead, he chose to achieve on the religious front. Equiano’s actions within the capitalist framework were mere details in the larger picture of his life as a good Christian. Both men were passionate-Franklin about capitalism and Equiano about his Christian faith-and both sacrificed other parts of their lives in order to keep intact their number one priority. Franklin was religious in the way that most promoted capitalist success, and Equiano was a capitalist businessperson only in the ways that were aligned with his religious beliefs. They reconciled capitalism and religion by choosing one over the other and allowing the lesser to function on a smaller scale and only within the framework of the more important.

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Schedule and Cost Control Techniques - Essay Example (Mochal, 2007)The benefit for this technique is the fact that it takes into account three different scenarios in order to complete the whole picture thus ensuring that project doesn't bring surprises. The basic fact behind the success of PERT is the fact that it intends to capture wider areas of estimates so that managers can have all the possible indications of how the project may behave given these conditions happen and based on their judgment and experience they choose the best estimate. Further, what is most beneficial in the use of PERT is the fact that it takes into the uncertainty related with the project. By taking into account the three difference scenarios, it tends to capture the uncertainty therefore there are very minimal chances of something going awry until and unless project encounters something which is entirely external and out of the control of the project managers. Thus PERT not only not assist and scheduling and estimating of the project but helps in making tradeoffs between project and segments. Similarly, EVM or earned value management is another tool available to project managers which can greatly help to view projects in more objective way. Essentially, EVM tends to measure technical performance, schedule performance and cost performance using one single estimation methodology. However, what is most important with this methodology is the fact that it can provide early warning signals if applied properly thus it provides a very accurate method of ensuring that if followed properly, it can help avoid the big surprises during the project life cycle. Further to this, what is more critical and valuable about this approach is the fact that it helps achieve the measurement of cost performance therefore ensuring that projects besides remaining within the technical parameters also remain within the budgets so that risk tradeoffs could be made between the whole project and the segments. This is important in the sense that It provides a better grip over the affairs of the project besides ensuring that the costs remain within the control and all the associated risks with the project are balanced with proper risk and return tradeoff. However one more important thing that EVM fail to capture is the quality of the project otherwise it tend to focus clearly on ensuring that the schedules as well as ensuring that the risk tradeoffs between the various segments of the project and project itself are well managed. Risk Metric is another tool which can greatly help to normalize the project as it can greatly help achieve to minimize the risks associated with the projects. (Ferguson, 2004) it provides the required visibility into the uncertainities related with the project thus it is most valuable in assessing and making risk return trade off in the projects besides ensuring that the costs and other estimates and schedules are properly prepared and are within the limits. "The proposed metric can be applied early and throughout the project. It has been useful for identifying or canceling projects in trouble. It has also been useful for identifying projects that do not yet have a satisfactory risk plan." (Ferguson, 2004). Further Risk Metric can also allow project managers to check the compliance of the project with the standards and procedures set in the beginning of the project. Conclusion There are various tools and techniques available to ensure that during the

Charles Peirce's Fundamental Distinctions Term Paper

Charles Peirce's Fundamental Distinctions - Term Paper Example Therefore, the following paper tries to establish whether these distinctions reflect or correspond to each other or whether they are entirely independent from each other. To begin with, Peirce postulates that there exist three modes of being. These modes include, first the being of a feeling in itself. This being state non-attachment to any subject. The atmosphere is the only possible form of attachment but since it is intangible, the state can be described as floatation in a vacuum though it is not rational. However, it is capable of being rationalized. Secondly, Peirce argues that there exists a state of being that is arbitrary. This state of being is anti-rational because by rationalizing it, it will be doomed for damage. Thirdly, postulates that there exists the living intelligence from which all power and all reality are derived. This mode of being is rational. It contributes towards necessity and necessitation in human being existence. The potentiality of feeling is the only po sitive thing that is valued in this third mode of being. Peirce views existence of particulate matter as nothing in them because there are brut forces that propagate them. According to Peirce, logic rather belief can be classified into three categories that is stechology or speculative grammar which facilitates interpretation of signs processes rather the sesmos and meaningfulness of signs. Moreover, he classified belief into logical critic which sometimes referred to as logic proper whereby modes of inference is the guiding principle. Lastly, belief is defined on the basis of methodeutic or speculative rhetoric philosophical theory of enquiry that includes pragmatism. Their being is actual because they are either being attracted or repelled by another particle in existence. The particles are in existence because they consist of action and are dyadic. An effort to draw a connection with other things result to the particle being termed as triadic though is the only thing that has pow er. Based on his study after along time, peirce was tempted to classify his findings into three categories namely firstness, secondness, and thirdnes. However, this type of classification was distasteful to himself thus he tried to refute it. It is viewed that attributing such meaning to numbers and worse in a triad is as true as it is disagreeable. By classifying the mode of being in numbers was very simple. Giving to being the broadest possible sense, to include things as well as ideas. By classifying modes of being, the three states are similar to the initial classification by Pierce. Firstness is the mode of being of that which is such as it is, positively and without reference to anything else. Secondness is the mode of human being of that which is such as it is, with respect to a second but despite the consequences of any third. Thirdness is the mode of being of that which is such as it is, in bringing a second and third into relation to each other. Pierce points out that any sign contain three things. A sign describes anything, though it cannot be defined in its own but in relation to others. The three modes of existence under sign language is defined in three roles which encompass the sign, is subject matter, and the ramification or the sign meaning. The existence in triadic relationship is irreducible according to Peirce. The roles are distinct implying that there is no relationship between the components of the triad though the signs can be

Personalized Medicine Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personalized Medicine - Case Study Example They considered that work belongs to â€Å"dummies.† Their work ethic was to milk the restaurant till it went dry. They would steal money, avoid hard work and get rid of customers as soon as they got there. This new work ethic is outrageous; work ethic is based on hard-work and diligence, which is not the case in this Sheehy report. The new ethic at Sheehy’s work place was a type of â€Å"gamesmanship.† Employees cared about themselves and developed mysterious tactics of getting more money. I have experienced this kind of attitude in different work places. I once worked with employees who were dishonest and they would do anything to get that extra money. The company I worked for dealt with cosmetics and so our job was to sell and promote their products. Some attitudes that Sheehy has described may seem exaggerated but they are not very different from those I have experienced. My colleagues were a little discreet when carrying out their evil plans, unlike those in Sheehy’s report who purposely tried to provoke the management. My colleagues used to steal money cautiously because they did not want to lose their job. They called this â€Å"beating the system,† they complained of doing so much and getting minimal salaries. This meant getting what they wanted without following the company’s policies. ... The future of American business is not bright, with this kind of work ethic. A business where employees steal does not develop as expected. A business where customers are treated horribly cannot grow either, customers make the largest percentage of a business and without them there is no business. The future of American business is doomed unless the management does something about it. Some managers employ unqualified staff who do not respect them or their businesses. For instance, Sheehy reports that the majority of people working in his work place were students who were only there to make money (Shaw, 2010). These students did not take their job seriously and so they shouldn’t have been employed. They were doing harm to the business than good. They stole money and drove customers away and they did this without even hiding it from the management; they did not mind provoking their manager. With this kind of work ethic, there can never be a great future for American business. An y business should be taken seriously and to run a good business, both the employees and the employer must have same goals and objectives. Goals that create a profitable business; where employees understand the policies of the business, and where the employer meets the needs of the employees satisfactorily; this will lessen these kinds of encounters. 3. Explain whether it is more reasonable to expect workers, especially in a capitalist society, to be more devoted to their jobs, more concerned with quality and customer service, than Sheehy’s coworkers were. In this capitalist society, it is reasonable to expect employees who are devoted to their work and more concerned with quality and customer service than Sheehy’s colleagues. Sheehy’s coworkers are not the

Was Hitler's rise to power due to his own strengths or to the Essay

Was Hitler's rise to power due to his own strengths or to the situation in Germany - Essay Example Political power sometimes is achieved out of situational advantage.The greatest racist in history Adolph Hitler did exactly that His views as a racist seeped into the general German mass that ultimately helped him to perform the notorious genocide killing 5 million Jews.The greatest racist in history Adolph Hitler did exactly thatHe incorporated racism within the cross section of the German mass against the Jews though various methods like using media to his benefit and through overwhelming oratory. The idea of racial discrimination through methodical racial institutionalization of education, employment and health was put into the ultimate practice with fearful results. For example the speech presented at Munich on the date April 12, 1922 presents the insight of the conceptualization and formulation of raciest ideas and making it the instrument of gaining power at the Reichstag. The situation and the groundwork were favorable for Hitler. Germany was passing through a phase of humilia tion and unemployment with economic downfall after the defeat of First World War.The Weimar republic was in power during the post First World War period starting from 1919. The Weimer government was completely unsuccessful with their political and financial policies and unemployment was on a high. As it is the country's defeat in the First World War resulted in economic instability that further incorporated fascist and Spartacist coups, like that of Hermann Ehrhardt's Freikorps, with wide spread political extremism and overall lawlessness. Constitution formed after abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II was inappropriate and weak and soon it lost popularity. The economy was badly hurt as a result of WWI defeat and treaty of Versailles claiming 20,000 billion gold marks as war reparations. This result in the currency to be unstable with 469,000 million marks national debt. Furthermore the economic coal fields of Rurh were occupied by the French government. To add more problem the 1929 stock market crisis made matter more severe. All these conditions ultimately led into hyperinflation that summed up to 663 billion marks. There are also enough evidences that Hitler political power was based upon brute force with his incorporation of brutal political murders with included murder of communist leaders. Additionally, he blamed the Jews for all economic and political crisis of Germany and motivated the population to become anti-Semitic. Once the population became Anti-Semitic it was helpful to gain popularity and thus gain political power as the Germans regarded Hitler to be their savior. However, election results show that there is a gradual rise of popularity of the Nazi party from 1928-1932 but the main problem remained that there was no specific party individually strong enough to rule. This was a situation of an example of political instability in Germany that Hitler took complete advantage. (Rise of Nazism, 14-15) An evaluation of the sources Hitler, Adolph; Hitler Speaks in Munich; SPEECH OF April 12, 1922; NBT; 1999 The Rise of Nazism; pp-14-15 This book published in 1999 was recovered from Russian Achieves and presents a wide range of speeches by Hitler. These speeches show the methods by which Hitler uses to motivate the audience with fact at the beginning and fallacy to back his intentions. In his speech Hitler started off with the right note by pointing towards the defeat of the First World War as this would be the best possible mode of attracting the audiences' attention as logically enough that would be the most concerned element of the mass during the 1922 Germany. He promptly indicates that there was a "debt of some 7 or 8 millions of marks and beyond that was faced with the debts of the rest of the world" (Hitler, 1, 1). This the best possible manner by which he could effectively guide his intentions towards a well formulated methodical approach that would enable him to take the audience by his side

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Explain a motion for discovery and for Essay

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Explain a motion for discovery and for suppression - Essay Example Thus, any evidence, which the police gather in violation of the provisions of these amendments, becomes invalid in a court of law to secure a conviction. The defendant in a criminal case has to right to request to the court to instruct the prosecution to provide him or her all the materials that they have gathered as evidence in the alleged offence. This will help the defendant to understand the nature of the evidences that the prosecution will use to argue their case. Thus, an examination of these evidences will enable the defendant to prepare for the trial and prove his or her innocence. The courts in the US function with a view to ensure a free and fair trial to all citizens. Therefore, it is in the interest of justice that the defendant be given all opportunities to examine the evidences that the prosecution has collected against him. During the trial, the prosecution, who is already in possession of the evidence, will use these materials to argue their case to prove that the defendant has committed a particular offence. Hence, in the interest of natural justice, the defendant also must receive the opportunity to examine the evid ence so that he or she can prepare the defense accordingly during the trial. It is on this premise, to ensure fair trial, that the defendant is provided the right to the motion for discovery. The motion to suppress is another significant right offered to the defendants under the provisions of the law, to ensure a free and fair trial, through the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution. This provision confers on defendants the right for a motion, requesting the court to direct the prosecution to suppress certain evidences that have been obtained through illegal means. The main issue at stake in Suppression Motions is whether police officers â€Å"obtained evidence in violation of a constitutional or statutory right† (Jorgensen 7). Thus, if the

Debating the Atomic Bomb in the New York Times Article

Debating the Atomic Bomb in the New York Times - Article Example This editorial makes it a point to mention that, if a third world war is to be avoided, then the public must become even more involved. The author of this editorial, who is not named, makes the point that scientists are creating weapons that can alter the course of history. As such, they must have a responsibility to ensure these weapons are used as a deterrent, rather than for purposes of evil. The author contends that never before in history have scientists held so much power and, as such, a debate must take place to determine how, if ever, such bombs will be used again. This keeps in line with the political leaning of the New York Times during this time period. The paper, while not necessarily being outspoken critics of war efforts undertaken by the United States, certainly advocated a stance more towards the concept of neutrality. The Atomic Bomb was a big step in the advancement of war technology and editorials in the New York Times during 1945 took a hesitant stance towards its further development. If you will, it would appear that the editorial board of the paper certainly did not want to appear proud of the fact that we had dropped two such massive bombs on Japan. Finally, this editorial piece focused its attention on the beginning to educate the public more about the advances of science. To this point, the author contends that scientific advancement went largely unnoticed. Now that weapons, such as the atomic bomb, are being created, the public must have more of a voice. The obvious point here is made that the decision to use such weapons eventually impacts every citizen in the country, so they need to make their voices heard. This position of getting the public more involved in the affairs of science is the overarching theme of this particular editorial. Analysis The author of this editorial has two main points. The major idea centers on the responsibility that scientists who are in charge of creating such weapons as the atomic bomb have. This respons ibility entails them understanding the power of destruction they hold over the world as these bombs are created. Furthermore, a second underlying theme of the editorial the contention that scientists need to bring the atomic bomb debate to the American people. Since citizens are directly impacted by these weapons use, all of society has the responsibility to let the government know whether or not they approve of its eventual deployment in times of war. The atomic bomb was designed to bring a quick end to any conflict. Scientists developed it with this end result in mind.

Should foreign policy be about promoting values in the world or simply Essay

Should foreign policy be about promoting values in the world or simply about protecting the national interest - Essay Example ntain elements that attempt to promote useful ethical and moral values that are thought to be important for the progress of humanity (Donnelly, 2004, Pp. 1 – 16)? After having lost millions of lives and having endured two World Wars, a broad consensus has now finally emerged in regard to what may be considered to be ethical behavior by a state and international institutions do exist to protect and promote international law(Dongyan, 2006, Sections I to IV) and (Harries, 2005, Pp. 1 – 10). These institutions also encourage mediation and dialogue between nations. Nation states have always tried to influence other nations through intimidation, coercion or rewards, but in an era of globalization which has had a profound influence on the manner in which the world works, communicates, trades and acts in concert on important issues, perhaps promotion of ethical and moral values are as important as safeguarding the national interest (Reisman, 1999, Pp. 1 – 15). However, t his is also an era of global economic competitions, with many nations only paying a lip service to values associated with human rights, democracy and morality in interstate relations, preferring to constantly receive, but never give. Thus, a greater emphasis needs to be placed on the protection of national interests rather then on the promotion of values. This brief essay presents a discussion of this issue. Interest has been a guide for the diplomatic conduct of states since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when the concept of modern sovereign states was being formulated (Shembilku, 2004, Pp. â€Å"The Concept of National Interest†). Interest was then considered in terms of those aspirations which were prompted by rational calculations and pursued with prudence. Thus, it was important for those who were at the helm of power to know when to use power and when to desist from the use of power. Prudence was a term that was used in relation to the carrying out of actions to achieve political

Critical Biodiversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Biodiversity - Essay Example Each of these many species on earth plays a significant role in maintaining of a stable and healthy ecosystem. However, human activities have directly or indirectly led to a major loss of biodiversity and in turn raising questions as to the need of conserving species so as to maintain a stable and healthy environment. Human activities that directly affect biodiversity include deforestation, pollution and overexploitation of natural resources. Indirectly for instance, human activities have led to climate change which negatively affects other species. Since each and every species plays a significant role in maintaining a stable ecosystem, the existence of each species is vital to life. Human being cannot survive without biodiversity as we rely on it directly or indirectly (De Vere, 2008). Directly, most of the plant species are consumed as food and medicine by humans. In addition, all plants play a major role in changing carbon dioxide to oxygen which is vital for human life. Some animal species are also food to humans, and their existence means a continuous food supply. The importances of biodiversity to mankind are just a few to mention. I agree that the loss of a few species may have no profound effect on ecosystem processes, but there is a need to conserve all species for a better and stable environment. Conservation of biodiversity can include actions like restoration of ecosystems, controlled exploitation of natural resources and the requirement to conserve the species among others. In conclusion, humans need biodiversity for survival since diverse species play various roles in maintaining a stable and healthy ecosystem. As a result, they should conserve the species. I agree that just as our comprehension of social equality has expanded throughout history, our familial and social groups have grown in size. Therefore, our inclusion of the environment ought to become a part of our ethical

Mother Teresa Essay Example for Free

Mother Teresa Essay One of the most loved people in the world, Mother Teresa devoted her entire life in a selfless deed of humanitarian acts. Being canonized as a saint by the late Pope John Paul II, her existence is forever cherished by those who came to love her and experienced the charitable works she did extending her self to the outcast and poorest sector of society. One of the most comprehensive and intimate autobiography written about Mother Teresa, is T. T. Mundakel’s Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to your Heart which has been published in October 19, 2003 which happened to her beatification as well. This autobiography pertains to the most personal account of Mother Teresa’s life where the author maintained a close relationship with the saint herself. The one-on-one dialogue presented personal narratives coming Mother Teresa’s own words. Mundakel penned her struggles in life, her boundless faith in God, and her works as a nun reaching out to the poor in her country India, as well as her life before her sainthood and how this shaped her to the person that she is, loved and cherished even after death. This essay will delve into Mundakel’s work and how Mother Teresa’s life has created such impact to the world. She is clearly considered as a global leader who greatly reached out to her ‘constituents’ serving as manifestation of God’s kindness and selflessness. Born from a wealthy family situated in Albania, Mother Teresa does not have a close encounter with poverty just yet. Showing an interest to the stories of missionaries and their lives, this already manifested Mother Teresa’s innate selfless character. In the midst of wealth where her world has been limited to that kind of environment, the lives of the missionaries may have trigged her interest for an adventure accompanied by faith. The fact that missionaries are able to go from one or another to be able to serve ignited Mother Teresa’s interest the different world which missionaries’ visit and must have wanted to feel the kind of spiritual passion in which motivated the missionaries to do great works. Her desires to be a missionary pushed her to the goal of pursuing that dream by becoming a nun. By the time she arrived India, she has attained one of the things she may have wanted to experience like the rest of the missionaries she have heard of – a different world to where she can devote her service. When she was exposed to poverty, a whole different world has been brought in front of her. She cannot contain that such suffering and pain were being inflicted in this part of the world that Mother Teresa decided to give her full time to charity works. From the experiences that she had when she was submerged into poverty, Mother Teresa was to accomplish one of the most dedicated congregations aimed for the welfare of the poor. She started the Missionaries of Charity which is patterned on Franciscan aim of serving those in need, especially the outcast and most distraught sector of the society (Baldoni, 2003, p. 136). She also built a home for the orphans and homeless children called Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, for she was able to experience how it was to not have a home when she was just starting out as a missionary. Her missionary work did not aim in just helping the poor but to live and suffer with them. Ever since as a kid, Mother Teresa had already had a clear path that she wanted to take – a life committed in faith and to reach out to others. When she had witnessed the extreme poverty happening in Calcutta, it became an eye-opener for her and that further strengthened her vow and her faith to her mission and to God. In this present time, the Missionaries of Charity have grown into a significant number of approximately 4,000 nuns and still counting. From this aspect, it can be considered that Mother Teresa was successful in attaining her goals. The fact that her mission still exists in the presence of the congregation and the homes she spearheaded to be built, it is a manifestation of continuing her goals even after death. From Mother Teresa herself, one of the factors why she became successful in achieving her aim is due to her unwavering confidence to God by constantly communicating with prayer. The strong faith she pushed her to be a missionary is the same faith which made her stronger to surpass all the struggles she experienced in pursuing her missionary goals. That faith reminded her that it is a vow that she have been fated to serve and should be continued for the rest of her life. Mother Teresa was deeply honored in the global community. For she did not only focus on helping the poor of India but expanded it throughout other places in the world which experience famine, poverty, and calamity victims, the moment the missionary membership expanded as well. Through her consecutive efforts in helping suffering people from different places of the world, her name became recognized as the forefront of missionary works centering on humility and empathic deeds. Gaining recognition for her works, this influenced sectors of the society such as the government and the church to strengthen and intensify their work in reaching to the poor. Mother Teresa and her congregation became a good example on how service to the poor should be done and how to reach out to the people. The life and achievements of Mother Teresa is a hard path to follow. As the Christian Church preached to live a life like what Jesus did, emulating Jesus or Mother Teresa’s path is one hard task. She experienced a lot of hardship with her faith as her weapon and guidance for survival. From that, an ordinary individual will find it difficult to live a selfless life. Her accomplishments are not to be taken lightly for it took years to be able for the congregation to be built and its goals to be continually performed with so much strength and vigor. This autobiography made by Mundakel is indeed a tribute to the late missionary. The consistent gratitude honored for Mother Teresa shows a deep appreciation to the contemporary saint, despite of living in a fast-pace modern world, was able to attain a goal which helped a lot of people. Though it can be said that Mother Teresa’s life is hard to follow, her strength and passionate faith should be imitated or an individual to conquer life’s struggles and difficulties. Mundakel’s work is a manifestation of Mother Teresa as her love for God and her love for people brought her to be the most-loved person by the world. References Baldoni, J. (2003). Great Communication Secrets of Great Leaders. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. Mundakel, T. T. (2003). Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart. India: Liguori.

The Economic Reform of China Essay Example for Free

The Economic Reform of China Essay In the late 1970s, China initiated a full-scale economic reform in rural and urban parts of the country, because of the economic reform China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to an emerging market economy and at the same time its economy has achieved nearly a 9.5 percent average growth rate. The pace of China’s growth is not unique — Korea, Singapore and other economies in East Asia grew as fast in the 1970s and 1980s. What is unprecedented historically is its scale. The size of China’s population, market and geography, and the dynamism that flowed from economic reform and transformation are what define its impact on the rest of the world. Despite a still relatively low per capita income, the sheer size of the Chinese economy has made China a significant player in world production, consumption, trade and increasingly international finance and the environment. The historic decision on â€Å"reform and opening-up† made at the Third Plenum of the CCP Eleventh Party Congress on December 18-22, 1978, marked the beginning of China’s reform era. At the time, China had a clear desire to increase productivity and raise living standards by reforming its economic system and structure, but it did not have a clear objective of what the new system would be like. Furthermore, the reform did not have a well-designed strategy or policy measures. China’s economic reform was often distinguished from the market reform of the Soviet Union and many former socialist countries in Eastern Europe. First, unlike the case of the Soviet Union, China did not change its political system and was able to maintain political stability. Second, China’s reform process did not have a blueprint. Each step was taken after drawing the experience of the previous step. As Deng put it, the process was like a person walking across the river by feeling the rocks in each step. This characteristic was necessitated by the lack of knowledge of what kind of market economy was suitable for China on the part of the leaders. They had  to learn by experimentation. Secondly, experimentation helped convince the party members of the validity of the new institutions. The slogan â€Å"to build an economic system with Chinese characteristics† was introduced in the early 1980’s and remains in constant use in the early 2000’s. â€Å"Chinese characteristics† mean the results of experimentation that are shown to work for China. This slogan also implies that the Chinese leaders are pragmatic and not confined to a set of old Communist ideology. Recall Deng Xiaoping’s famous statement, â€Å"it does not matter whether a cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.† Pragmatism over ideology is an important trait of China’s reform process. China’s reform measures that resulted from experimentation include the â€Å"household responsibility system† in agriculture, autonomy and the †contract responsibility system† for state industrial enterprises, the free economic zones as experiments for foreign trade and investment policies, and the introduction of share-holding companies in Jiang Zemin’s report of September 1997 partly as a result of the successful experience of some small and medium sized state enterprises that was initiated by the individual enterprises themselves. One advantage of China’s economic condition over that of the Soviet Union at the early stage of reform was that the Chinese farmers knew how to farm as private farmers. Collective farming was introduced under the Commune System only in 1958, twenty years before the reform. The farmers still remembered how to farm and they also had some practice in 1963-1965 during the president of Liu Shaoqi who introduced some elements of private farming after the economic collapse of the Great Leap Forward Movement of 1958-62. On the other hand collective farming had been introduced in the 1930’s, sixty years before the reform of the Soviet economy in the early 1990’s. Russian farmers did not know how to farm as individual farmers. The large increase of agricultural productivity in China served as the basis for further economic growth and reform. In 1977, Deng Xiaoping made it clear that performance should be the main consideration in the economic and social advancement of individuals. In  other words, professionalism and results should count. Furthermore, he emphasized the importance of academics and scientists for the future of the economic development and the international standing of China. He thought that this should be more widely recognized by the Chinese people. During 1978, Deng Xiaoping’s reform philosophy gained growing support in the CCP and its desirability was accepted in December 1978 at the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. This session proved to be a turning point in the direction of China’s policies for its economic and social development. It was decided at this meeting that the system and methods of economic management in China would be transformed; economic co-operation with other countries would be expanded; special efforts would be made to adopt the world’s advanced technologies and equipment; and that scientific and educational work would be greatly strengthened to meet the needs of modernization. The importance of the four modernizations (modernizing agriculture, industry, national defense, science and technology) was emphasized. 2.0. Meaning of reform 2.1. Agriculture Beginning in 1978 several major institutional reforms have been undertaken. First is the adoption of the household responsibility system in agriculture. Collective farming under the Commune system introduced by Mao in 1958 in the Great Leap Forward Movement was being practiced. Farmers worked as a team consisting of some forty persons. A farmer could not get extra reward by working harder because all members of the team would share the additional output due to his additional labor. Chinese farmers deserved credit for initiating reform in agriculture. Some farmers realized that if they farmed separately the team could produce more in total and still delivered the same amount of output required by the procurement system for government distribution of agricultural products in the economy. The Commune system was changed as the team was reorganized by distributing its land to individual households to farm separately, each getting the additional reward for additional labor after delivering a fixed amount of  output to the team for delivery to the government procurement agencies. Such practice was introduced and spread in many areas of the country. In 1978, Deng recognized its beneficial effects and adopted it as a national policy and called it the â€Å"household responsibility system.† Agricultural output increased rapidly in China. The farmers became richer. The success of reform in agriculture served as the foundation of reform in other sectors not only by increasing the supply of food but also by changing the ideological thinking of Communist Party members in support of a market economy. 2.2. State-owned Enterprises Reform of Chinese state enterprises is an example of a gradual approach to economic reform through experimentation. The first was to give state enterprises some autonomy in production, marketing and investment decisions rather than simply carrying out the decisions under a system of central planning. The experiment began in late 1978 with six enterprises in Sichuan Province. By the end of June 1980, 6,600 industrial enterprises that were allowed to make such autonomous decisions produced about 45 percent of the total output of all state industrial enterprises. The second was to make them financially independent, allowing them to keep the earnings as their own profits after paying taxes to the state, rather than as revenue belonging to the government. The third was to introduce a responsibility system similar to the household responsibility system in agriculture, first to selected parts of the enterprise under the important reform Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in October 1984, and later to an enterprise in 1987. Under the responsibility system, a part of an enterprise was allowed to keep the remaining profit after surrendering a fixed amount to the enterprise controlling it. In 1987, further reform of the state enterprises was carried out under the â€Å"contract responsibility system.† After paying a fixed tax to the government having jurisdiction over it, each state enterprise was allowed to keep the remaining profit for distribution to its staff and workers and for capital investment. Within one year in 1987, almost all state enterprises were under the new â€Å"contract responsibility system.† The idea of such a system sounded appealing to the economic officials who designed it, as witnessed by the  author who participated at meetings with these officials. However, the incentives provided under the system turned out to be less impressive than expected. First, the so-called fixed levy to each enterprise was not really fixed but was subject to change depending on the profits of the enterprise. The tax was increased when the profits were higher than expected. This partly destroyed the incentives provided by a fixed levy, which would not interfere with the optimal marginal cost and benefit calculations of the enterprise. Secondly, the additional revenue was not put into good use. The managers could not receive sufficient compensation because a high salary to management was socially and ideologically unacceptable. When profits were high the workers received additional compensation in the form of durable goods such as color TV sets and refrigerators because money wage had to follow a fixed scale nationally. The additional reward was not dependent on additional effort. Third, investment policy might not be optimal in the sense that risk taking by a manager was not sufficiently compensated. Forth, the quality of the managers was poor in general because they were not trained under a free market system. Bureaucracy and personal connections determined the selection of manager to a considerable extent. Significant steps on state enterprise reform were taken in the late 1990’s as stated in the important report of Jiang Zemin to the Congress of the Communist Party in September 1997. China government was to give up ownership and control of small and medium sized state enterprises while keeping the control of large enterprises. Shares were issued for a small or medium enterprise, to be purchased by its managers and staff. The state would give up most of its shares. This would help an infusion of capital to the enterprise. In many instances, the incentives provided to the workers who share a part of the profits were significant. The large enterprises can be transformed to various forms depending on the circumstances, but most of these enterprises were to become shareholding companies of one kind or another, with the state controlling the majority shares. From my point of view, changing the form of ownership on paper alone could not and does not make the enterprise efficient. First, the management itself may not be improved. The lack of qualified managers of modern corporations in China cannot be resolved by such reform. Second, many managers were still selected  by personal connections under the Chinese bureaucratic system. One manager told the author that the new system did not change the supervision and authority his former bosses. These same people now became members of the board under the new system. Some managers also complained that the time spent on committee and board meetings increased under the new system. In some instances, the government was willing to sell the entire enterprise to a foreign investor, especially a person of Chinese decent living in Hong Kong or a South Eastern Asian country. There are examples of successful transformation of large state enterprises. 2.3. The Banking and Financial Sector When the planning system was being changed from â€Å"compulsory† planning to â€Å"guidance† planning as stipulated by the October 1984 Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party a macro-economic control mechanism was to be introduced which required a more modern banking system. Before economic reform, the People’s Bank was a mono-bank that had branches to accept deposits from the public. Its other functions were to issue currency and to extend loans to state enterprises according to the need specified and approved by the planning authority. It had no authority to decide on these loans. Commercial banks did not exist in the sense of being able to extend credits to enterprises according to the criterion of profitability. In 1983 the People’s Bank was nominally transformed into a central bank. Specialized banks, including the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China and the People’s Construction Bank of China, were established and given some autonomy in the extension of credits in the early 1980’s in the same way that state industrial enterprises were given autonomy to make production decisions. This led to the rapid increase in the supply of currency in 1984 by 50% and an inflation rate of 8.8% by the overall retail price index in 1985. Reforms of the banking system to serve a market economy (as the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party declared China’s economy to be a socialist market economy in October 1992) progressed gradually in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. In November 1993, the Third Plenum of the 14th Central Committee of the Communist Party decided to accelerate reform of the financial sector by giving more independence to the People’s Bank as a central bank and transforming the specialized banks to  commercial banks. Two significant dates are March 18, and May 10, 1995, when the People’s Congress passed respectively the Law on The People’s Bank of China and the Commercial Banking Law. Although there the provisions of these laws were not actually carried out in practice, the laws provide a blueprint for the banking system and serve as a convenient framework for us to understand the working of the system. Banking reform is one important example to demonstrate the rule that institutions cannot be changed by legislation alone. Besides the banking system, other financial institutions were changed. In 1981 the government formed the China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) to attract foreign capital. Similar investment trusts under the sponsorship of provincial governments followed. Stock markets in Shanghai and Shenzhen were established in the early 1990s. As pensions were provided under a new social security system, pension funds became an important source for savings and investment. The domestic insurance business, after being suspended for over twenty years, was reopened. Foreign insurance companies have been allowed to operate in China. The financial sector can be expected to expand further as foreign companies enter under the provisions of the WTO. 2.4. Education system Concerning the education system, while China had a combination of private and public schools at all levels before 1949, the education system was drastically changed in the early 1950’s. All schools were brought under government control, with private schools and universities taken over by public educational organizations. Higher education was modeled after the Soviet education system. Universities were broken up into colleges specializing in technical training. The special technical schools were administered by the government units requiring the services of their graduates. The operation of the education system was seriously interrupted by the Cultural Revolution, with many colleges and universities closed and school enrollment drastically reduced. Ever since economic reform started China’s educational system quickly returned to normal and began to improve. Universities were opened after the interruptions of the Cultural Revolution. Students were given opportunities to take examinations to enter universities and graduate schools. Intellectuals who had been criticized and mistreated were restored to their previous status and given due respect. People were eager to learn. Students seized upon their educational opportunities and studied diligently. The population as a whole wanted to absorb new ideas and knowledge from the outside world since they had been deprived of such knowledge when China was closed to the outside world. Foreign scholars and professionals of all kinds were invited to China to lecture, in schedules so full that even enthusiastic lecturers became exhausted. The Ministry of Education and the State Education Commission from 1985 to 1998, sponsored programs to cooperate with foreign educational institutions to improve education in China. At the same time individual universities were given the freedom to invite foreign scholars to lecture and they did so effectively. Students were sent abroad to study, and were permitted to go abroad by their own initiatives. Modern textbooks were adopted in university courses. Efforts were made to translate modern texts into Chinese and to write new texts in Chinese. As time went on, the skill in modern languages especially English improved rapidly and texts in English began to be adopted. 3.0. Conclusion In summary economic reform consisted of changes in agriculture system, reform of state enterprises, reform of banking and financial sector, and education system, which the changes taking place step by step depending on the results of and experience gained in previous steps. Many shortcomings of the China’s economic reform remain, but rapid economic growth continues. China’s economic development cannot be understood without taking into account its historical, political and cultural background. Based on the above discussion, we may learn seven major lessons from Chinese economic reforms. First, the most important principle for a successful transition from a planned economy to a market economy is pragmatism. Second, the incremental approach generates the momentum from earlier reform success and thus provides a political basis for the further reforms. Third, successful reforms rely on political support, which in turn depend on delivering tangible benefits to a large majority of the population. In addition, there are high international hopes that China will continue to be an engine  contributing to global economic growth for some time to come and signs of economic recovery in China have strengthened global economic confidence in recovery from the current economic recession.

Water Purification In The Coming Decades Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Purification In The Coming Decades Environmental Sciences Essay This article was written by six academicians related to a work for The Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems (NSF STC WaterCAMPWS, University of Illinois, USA). They are working for various departments which are suitable for this research at different universities. The WaterCAMPWS works for new technologies for water treatment. (1) This article focuses on recent technology for disinfection, decontamination, re-use and desalination methods to improve water quality. It describes the importance of water and water problems, moreover it gives information about the water treatment systems using today and will be used in the future. It also makes comparisons to identify the advantages and the disadvantages of water treatment systems. It is suitable for anyone who wants to be informed about water purification techniques. A person who has the technical infrastructure about water and water treatment can understand more easily this article. While reading sometimes difficulties may be encountered to understand this article but in general language of the article was clear. At the first part of the article authors mention the importance of the water, pollutants water problem and new water treatment technologies. Water problem is explained clearly by using remarkable numbers but they do not give the date and sources about numbers. In addition to the situation at the article, developed and developing countries are provided the examples of the water situations to make the water problem more understandable. Water is needed for living organisms to survive and there is life on the Earth thanks to water.(2) According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) water may contain bacteria, suspended particles, parasites, viruses, organic chemicals, heavy metals and solvents above the allowed amount for example, Escherichia coli and arsenic level limit is should be less than 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/l (WHO report, 2008) (2-3) The elimination of unwanted materials, chemicals, contaminants, impurities, micro-organisms is called water purification which is a cleaning process. (4) Clean water demand is rising day by day because of increasing in population, water shortage and users competition. (5) If people accessed clean potable water easily, it would be a completely positive effect on health. Unfortunately, WHO report in 2007 shows that 1.1 billion people cannot reach the clean water and 1.8 million people die dehydration from diarrheal because of safe water problem each year. Hearth problems, brain stokes, HIV /AIDS, acute respiratory diseases, chronic lung diseases are some health problems which are caused by diarrheal.(3) The recent water treatment activities are not safe, sustainable and sufficient enough but they can be develop such as energy efficient systems, renewable purification.(2) New generation water treatment systems, which are based on such as disinfection, flocculation, sedimentation and decontamination technologies, should be developed to remove bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens more effectively.(9) At the beginning of 4000 B.C. people tried to make drinking water better in taste and smell. Some treatment methods were developed such as sand filtration, disinfection by sunlight and boiling after 1500 B.C. (9) At 1600à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s desalination experiments began and around 1800à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the first water purification plant was built in Scotland. During the 20th century, people focused on drinking water quality especially removing the pathogens. In 1914 The U.S. Public Health Service prepared standards about drinking water and which were revised by the Public Health Service in 1925, 1946 and 1962. (9-3) Disinfection is the process of the deactivating or destroying of pathogenic microorganisms present in water. (10) In the paper, extensive information about disinfection methods and the comparison between disinfectants were written. Authors give information about how the disinfection processes can control the viruses but I think this is unnecessary detail about the subject. Using sunlight (solar) was the first application of disinfection. (10) The most common disinfection methods are free chlorine and chlorine related chemicals because of cost and easy accessibility, they eliminate the living materials by oxidation of cell wall compounds. Free chlorine (Cl2) is so effective method but chlorine is a very dangerous chemical and it produces toxic disinfection by-product DBPs for example trihalomethanes. (11) The method of using solid calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2.4H2O 65% chlorine) as a disinfectant has a lot of limitations such as corrosion and taste problems. Another disinfectant is sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution (5-15% chlorine) which cannot be stored easily. (11) Viruses, yeast, spores, bacteria, and molds can be killed by ozone disinfection method. Ozonation method is more effective than chlorine method and it does not produce any danger by-products. (10) There are some disadvantages of this method for example, it is not easy technology, low dosages are not enough to kill pathogens and it is costly. (11) Ultraviolet light (UV) can be used for inactivating pathogens by photochemical reactions in the RNA and DNA which is the result of light absorption. (10) It is effectively and for this method the contact time is short, there are not toxic or non-toxic by-products but it cannot use water which includes suspended material. The new method is use chlorine with UV and ozone which is very effective method to eliminate bacteria, protozoa cysts and some vital pathogens. The solar photocatalysis disinfection which means killing of pathogens by using the photoca talysis of TiO2 is the future method for water disinfection.(12) The use of nanoscale science in the water treatment systems, which includes nanocatalysts, nanostructure membranes, bioactive nanoparticles, nanoparticles filtration, nanosorbants, is the futuristic disinfection method. Nanoparticles which have large surface areas will be the best materials for water purification systems in the near term. Today, the major challenges of nanomaterials are the integration of water purification process, cost effective and design problems. (5) In the article another method is described called, the water decontamination which is the process of eliminating the harmful substances (chemicals, organisms, heavy metals, radioactive materials) from the water. In this section of article, authors try to explain some problems about measuring and detection of compounds concentrations, modelling, and remediation strategies. Reverse osmosis, synthetic resins, activated carbon, sand filtration are the some methods to remove contaminants from the water.(13) The best treatment method which supplies the most purified water is not clear. The determination of contaminant type and concentration are as important as the decontamination technology. The advanced laboratory technology is necessary for measuring of low concentration of toxic compound for example Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophometery and UV-Spectrophometry can be used to analyse arsenic. (13) Chromatography and mass spectroscopy which have the drawbacks such as cost, sensitivity and efficient; are the old but the most common technologies. Catalytic DNA is the recent system for testing heavy metals in the water and the traditional methods for this are X-Ray Fluorescence, some chemical tests and Inductively Coupled Plasma.(13) The biosensoring technology is defined as the usage nanoscale or microscale biological sensors to detect contaminants with high sensitivity. The technological development about biosensors is necessary to determine the toxicity of water treatment process.(14) Highly treated water can be called reclaimed water which is the low cost alternative of potable water. If we consider the amount of consumed water per day, remained water on the Earth and the growth of population, the reuse of reclaimed water is absolutely necessary. Some of the uses of reclaimed water are irrigation, industrial activities and groundwater recharge.(15) Since historical times wastewater has been used but it became attractive two or three decades ago. (16) There are several methods for reclaimed water, such as chlorination, filtration and biological systems which have been used since early 1800s. (15) Authors give information about some recent methods such as membrane bioreactors and filtration. For the biological treatment ultrafiltration and microfiltration technologies have been understood to provide high quality purified water. (17) Today activated sludge process, which is another biological treatment method, are designed for high performance. (18) The membrane bio reactor (MBR) method is relatively new treatment technology which is based on liquid-solid separation and its applications are becoming acceptable day by day for small scale with high quality of water. (17-18) Membrane bioreactor process has some advantages compared to the activated sludge process such as more compact reactor, smaller footprint for high concentration, higher mixed liquor suspended solids concentration (for MBR process average concentration 8-12 g/l). The most important drawback of MBR method is some terms such as flow issues should be developed. (18) The cleaning of membrane and dynamic effects such as aeration loss, saline intrusion and backflush loss are the two parameters which affects the performance of MBR technology. The improvements about material characteristics, permanent fouling, cost and membrane cleaning process should be done for this process. The average annual growth rate 10.9 % is estimated for the global MBR market. (19) Reverse osmosis (RO) is a li quid membrane method which removes dissolved materials. The combination of MBR and RO is highly efficient which provides 67% water recycling at the lowest cost. (20) Desalination is a method that separates the salt from water. The oldest process to remove salt from water is boiling. Thermal distillation method and natural the hydrologic cycle work same way and in the early 1900s, membrane system was developed. There are three types of thermal methods namely; multi-stage flash distillation, multi-effect distillation and vapour compression distillation. (21) The advantages of desalination by distillation are low operating and maintenance cost, minimal environmental effect and the highly purified water production, the disadvantages are high level knowledge and large capacity plants.(22) Electrodialysis, Electrodialysis reversal and reverse osmosis are the three main membrane processes for desalination. (21) Simple systematic structure, removing organic and inorganic contaminants and high production/capacity ratio are the advantages on the other hand the necessity of pre-treatment step, the difficulty of cleaning membrane and decreasing in flow rate are the drawbacks of membrane processes. (22) Total number of desalination plant is nearly 1400 (80% Membrane desalination, 20% Thermal desalination). Reverse osmosis desalination process includes four parts; pre-treatment, high-pressure pumps, membrane systems and post-treatment. (21) Hybrid desalination method can be defined as the comparison of thermal and membrane desalination process which generates power. The advantages of this process are using less energy, low cost of construction and high plant efficiency. Nowadays the RO and simple hybrid multistage flash configuration are very popular. The advantages of integrated systems are good thermal efficiency and high quality purified water. (23) The Affordable Desalination Collaboration process is newly design of reverse osmosis process which demonstrates the water with a good design. (21) Carbon nanotubes have the specific electrical, chemical and mechanical features. In the future, nanotubes will allow us to desalinate cheaply b ut there are some challenges, we have to face about this method like capital cost and difficult mechanism. Carbon nanotubes, Biomimetic membranes and forward osmosis are next generation systems for desalination. (8-21) In this section of the article the figure about reverse osmosis and activate desalination (figure 5) makes understandable the processes. The information in the book related to entropy and energy calculation is the high-level information about the subject. This article contains extensive knowledge about the water treatment systems. Authors clearly conclude solutions of water treatment systems. I have some knowledge about water purification before preparing this report but while writing I learned lots of information about new water treatment techniques from article and references. This research was made in 2008, it is a technological subject because of this when research is carried out is very important. Some current water treatment techniques need intensive energy and chemicals. We should improve the not only water treatment systems but also monitoring, measuring, modelling and management systems to deliver safe and clean water to everybody. As a result, we need new, sustainable, environmental and inexpensive purification methods. Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades by M.A. Shannon, P.W. Bohn, M. Elimelech, J.G. Giorgiadis, B.J. Marinas, A.M. Hayes, Nature 452 (2008) 301-310ÃÆ' ¶

You Should Have a Business Plan Before You Buy a Website :: Sell Websites Buy Web Sites

You Should Have a Business Plan Before You Buy a Website Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com OK, you have formed your limited-liability company and you have your tax-identification number. You are ready to buy a website, right? Wrong! If you intend to spend more than a trivial amount of money purchasing a website then you should have a business plan. A business plan is your personal vision for your website, your roadmap to success. At the very least, a good business plan will include an executive summary, a description of the website, the competition, marketing plans, background of the management and financial information including a balance sheet, income and cash-flow projections. You also may want to include tax returns and contracts if you intend to use this information to obtain financing. The business plan does not need to be a book. A straightforward business plan for a small website might be only ten pages in length. The executive summary should be straightforward and clear, or else your reader may not have enough interest to get into the details. The financial section is extremely important and the most complex. Projecting cash flow may require some professional help, but you can start with some educated guesses. You should certainly discuss how you plan to direct traffic to your site. All business plans include research on the targeted market. You can find most the information you need for free online. Online business publications have a lot of useful information, but you may have to pay a fee to access their archives. You should also visit the websites of all industry trade groups that are relevant to your target market.

The Symbolic Naturalist of The Blue Hotel :: Blue Hotel Essays

The Symbolic Naturalist of The Blue Hotel    This essay considers the perspective of James Trammell Cox as presented in his essay: An Analysis of the Blue Hotel  Ã‚   Cox begins his essay by discussing naturalism and Crane's fictional style. He suggests that Crane's technique "is that of the symbolist rather than the naturalist in that he carefully selects his details not as pieces of evidence in a one-dimensional report on man but as connotatively associated parts of an elaborately contrived symbolic structure." Basically the thrust of Cox's argument is centered around the degree to which Crane displays the characteristics of a naturalist writer. He comments on the intricacy of the story and how well Crane weaves in the details and underlying messages which give the story it's subtle complexity. Much of Crane's hidden meaning is achieved through his manipulation of imagery. Cox focuses on this imagery and picks it apart, thus displaying themes that are fairly central to the ideas behind naturalism. One of these ideas that is carried throughout the story behind the faà §ade of imagery is the idea of "man's inner nature [as] egocentric," as detailed by the contrast of the house to the storm in which the storm represents the "fundamental conflict between man and his environment." Within the house, in the central room is the stove, which is referenced frequently and can be seen as man's inner nature that "burn[s] with elemental aggressions" as the stove is described as "humming with a godlike violence." Cox then addresses the idea of natural symbolism and Crane's use of color to represent feelings and emotions and thus subtly carry them through the story. The two most central colors used are red and white, red as shown through the fire to symbolize anger, and white as shown through the snow to show fear. Cox provides examples of this such as the Swede who throughout the story shows both extremes of emotion and at one point is described, "upon the Swede's deathly pale cheeks were two spots brightly crimson.

Logic & Perception :: essays research papers

Logic can be defined as the subject that teaches the rules for correct and proper reasoning or in simpler terms, it can be best described as common sense. Some refer to the "science" of logic but logic is really more than just a science. The science part â€Å"is the knowledge of the principles, laws, and methods of logic itself.† (Dolhenty, J; 2002). Logic must be put into action or else the knowledge provided within the science of logic is of little use. â€Å"We can, therefore, also speak of the "art" of logic, that is, the practical application of the science of logic to our everyday affairs.† (Dolhenty, J; 2002). Logic is not only intended to inform or instruct; it is also meant to assist in the proper use of our power of reasoning. As such, we can speak of logic as both a science and an art, a practical art meant to be applied in our everyday interactions. Critical thinking is the method used when deciding rationally what or what not to believe. It can simply be described as the process for the use of reason in the pursuit of the truth. When thinking critically one must assess all assumptions for validity and appropriateness using our logic as a basis. Although the two concepts are closely tied, it is possible for a person to be logical but not be thinking critically. In this paper we will discuss the nature of logic and how it relates to critical thinking. Logic and Critical Thinking Critical thinking involves knowledge of the science of logic, including how to analyze information and using corrective reasoning. To think critically one must understand the source and nature of knowledge and the nature of truth. Critical thinking is the basis of the science of logic and logic is that branch of knowledge which reflects upon the nature of thinking itself. The key to thinking critically is applying logic in the process. This can often become hard to do as we find it difficult to separate out perception from reality. Perception Perception is â€Å"the process by which people select, organize, interpret, retrieve and respond to the information from the world around them.† (Schermerhorn, Hunt & Osborn, 2003; p.2). Perceptions are our way of forming opinions about ourselves, others and everyday experiences. They serve as a filter through which information passes before it has an effect. Since perceptions are created based on everyday experience or interactions, it is feasible to deduct that we create numerous perceptions about various subjects everyday.

How many Ski’s do they stock?

Seaport is n very few stores; therefore they are an exclusive distributor. 3. In return for providing an exclusive, what marketing demands do exclusive brands require of Seaport? They will run an ad or put items in the windows for a limited time. 4. What is the responsibility of the merchandising team? What do they do? The merchandising team is responsible for the relationships with the vendors. They are the ones who get the vendors to join the Seaport family. They also help with what stores they will go to, marketing programs and how he brand will grow. . What is the responsibility of an inventory strategist? What do they do? The inventory strategists are responsible for the quantity of the product. 6. What is the responsibility of the distributor? The distributor places the items in every sellers doors, and keeping up with all stock levels. 7. How many brands does Seaport sell? 150_ How many Ski's do they stock? Over 1 0,000 8. What are some challenges Seaport faces in keeping all brands in stock without cookouts?Can brands keep up with the growth rate; they may not be able to produce enough products as they need. 9. What are some metrics they keep track of daily? Every time a product is sold it goes through the POS system and is automatically taken out of inventory. They can pull up: the average dollar sale, how much they are selling to a client, and the units per transaction they are selling to a client. They can pull up, at any time of the day, how much volume that is currently in the store.

Ozone Depletion Essay

The Ozone social class is find in the mankinds amphetamine aura. It acts as a barrier and absorbs mass of UV beam of light before it constitutes mans come out. Ozone is made up of deuce-ace oxygen segments that are natur tout ensembley occurring molecules. The depletion of the ozone has acquire a worldwide issue and is caused by the release of CFCs into the atmosphere. CFCs release centilitre atoms which arise down ozone molecules. The depletion of the ozone layer threatens to leave emotional state on Earth unprotected from UV light beam. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contain atomic number 17, fluorine and carbon atoms.CFCs buttocks be found in dot cans, in the plastics industry and in refrigerants. When UV rays in the upper atmosphere hit CFC molecules, a carbon-atomic number 17 bond breaks exit a item-by-item chlorine atom. This chlorine atom reacts with the ozone molecule make it to sectionalisation. The breakdown of ozone leaves an ordinary oxygen molecule (O2 ) as hygienic as a chlorine monoxide molecule. Because UV radiation breaks oxygen molecules into single oxygen atoms, the single oxygen atom wherefore breaks up the chlorine monoxide.With the chlorine atom left by itself, it is then suitable to repeat the process of geological fault down more ozone molecules. However, the depletion of the ozone is not totally caused by CFCs. Halons, CH3CCI, CCI4, HCFCs, hydrobromofluorocarbons and methyl bromide are all cogitate with ozone depletion leaving keep on earth vulnerable to the cause from exposure to UV radiation. With the depletion of the ozone, UV radiation becomes more accessible to life on Earth and effects from this radiation follow.Since ozone filters UV radiation, with ozone depletion comes higher(prenominal) levels of UV radiation strike the surface of the Earth. The increase in ultra-violet rays thus mean higher risk of hide cancers and cataracts in humans and animals. Higher levels of this radiation also defames mate rials such as plastics, harm certain crops as well as marine animals. Extra UV radiation deters the natural procreative cycle of phytoplankton (a single celled being at the basis of the food chain) Scientists fear that the population of separate species will decrease with the loss of phytoplankton.Since the depletion of the ozone layer, researchers founder recognised obvious deviations in the reproductive rates of fish, shrimp and crabs as well as frogs and salamanders. These changes in organisms reproductive rates and higher risks of skin cancer and cataracts can all be linked to the depletion of the ozone layer. Since CFCs have been released into the atmosphere, Earths naturally occurring ozone layer has been depleting. The ozone layer above the Antarctic has been majorly affected by CFC pollution since the mid 1980s.However, CFCs were illegalise in 1987 to prevent further damage to the ozone layer. Results of ozone depletion can be dramatically seen end-to-end the southern spring and summer when the fair weather shines for longer periods at a time. collectable to chlorine reacting with the Ultra-violet rays, ozone is destroyed on a scale of up to 65% during these months. level off though CFCs were banned in the 1980s scientists estimate it will take another(prenominal) 50 years for chlorine levels to reaping to their natural levels.With CFCs being emitted into the atmosphere, the breakdown of ozone has resulted. Without the ozone filtering UV rays, higher levels of radiation are able to hit the Earths surface leading to higher rates in skin cancer and cataracts. Ozone depletion has also been linked with the obstruction of organisms natural reproductive cycles. Although they were banned in the late 1980s, CFCs will persist in to be present in the atmosphere for many more years causing ozone depletion to remain a worldwide issue.

Abortion in the United States Essay

Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and social issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. how There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In how this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on bad weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves.It should remain legal.When evaluating risk, one should give take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something young woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P.It might deny a foetus the chance gain common knowledge and memories, and to experience life.

Usual feelings after an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief.It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. many Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to own make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a own home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make.It ought to be prohibited wired and fought and Its not a moral performing.Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.Several have pondered upon the importance of abortion.

Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing.As with most any conflicts, there what are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade.Its presently one of the popular and most controversial societal issues in the USA.On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights.The twenty Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage several others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the U nited States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.Abortion isnt just the legal right of a woman, its the choice of a woman.

The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting logical and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, vaginal bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea.Its the selection of a lady in whether part she wants to get one.Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that how are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very much short procedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies extract from physical and psychological effects.Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves.Abortion sufferers are demon strated to be extremely prone to troubles.

In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 more deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that old has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you.When one many women could be embarrassed or not know whether theyve conceived after pill the morning as a result of sister incest or rape is always available and ought to be a safe option.The research shows that the english peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the public welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the female fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before.Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the civil rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose.Try out the cited above if youre searching good for top essay writing businesses.

Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.Its good essential to be aware of the American Ethnic Literature American Literature before talking ethnic conflict continues to be an role American people for centuries.(n.d.). In Legal Information Institute.Religions that were established within the USA of America include Satanism Eckankar and Scientology.

html. Dudley, S., Ph.D.There are several reasons why you could be pro-life.d.). Retrieved from multi National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006.Abortion was legalized in the usa of 1973 on January 22.

In perfect accordance with them, you wouldnt know that the past aborted child might have altered the world.(2012, late April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.Human life begins at the time of conception.d.). In Legal additional Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.

The usa is the most important nation on the planet.They has fought a lot of times for various reasons.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, early June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal.America faces many troubles.

Second Language Aquisition

bet on nomenclature accomplishment What is s await off expression ex endure toment? In endorsement utter conference skill, actors line plays an institutional and aff fitting fiber in the residential district. It functions as a recognise marrow of dis bank line among members who de birdsong or so an archean(a)(prenominal) deli real as their congenital tongue. In un slamn lyric encyclopaedism, talking to plays no malefactor over fiber in the community and is in the main in condition(p) in the nurtureroom. The characteristic betwixt warrant and hostile actors line chat cultivation is what is intentional and how it is apprize. mis pass on 2 scholarship a trice expression of talking requires 1. noble dustup affirmation in an donnish lay 2. nteractions with the snatch address a itinerary(p) of the classroom 3. pedagogic expends, strategies and methodologies which allay guerrilla run-in erudition (how) and 4. doct rine the quaternary diction skills spread over, spill the beansing, variation, constitution along with cellular inclusion and mentation (what). playground slide 3 The field of co prosecute terminology scholarship involves 1. how se subsequently representativet voice conversations argon blobed ( the touch) 2. how pupils name a ind vigorousing phraseology transcription of incurs with check photograph ( interactions) 3. lyric technique directs ( competency and nominate of the run-in) and 4. hy nigh bookmans achieve ingrained-like growth. How Do assimilators run into grow a sulfur lingual touch? scholars deduct grow a minute of arc wrangle by reservation drill of vivacious acquaintance of the autochthonal-born voice communion, useual condenseing strategies, or oecumenical properties of voice converse to interiorise friendship of the molybdenum actors line. These bear upones mete patch as a inwardnes s by which the savant spend a penny a leaks an lingua franca (a regenerational governance reflecting the disciples oc infra panache L2 fel unkeptship). chat strategies ar prosecute by the bookman to accept hire of lively companionship to read with communicating difficulties. swerve 4 savants dramatize a mo langu geezerhood by mechanical reverseing on their bushel lingual background do its and introductory hunch frontward leadge in their starting vocabulary. They ascertain with the se finisht actors line by utilize features prime in their original phrase which be con rude(a) to those in the flash verbiage. This addiction on the initial dustup serves to overhaul the prentice induce an inter wrangle, a transitional corpse consisting of the students current guerrilla lyric association. parley strategies suspensor the s endureers utilize what they al misrepresent crawl in to chasten breakd lets in dialogue. sloping trough 5 mortal differences mend number actors line science. These differences whitethorn be disciplineal, cognitive, e motional or societal. thither argon chancerenceors that atomic number 18 frigid which we poop non discipline practically(prenominal)(prenominal) as age and battle crying acquaintance aptitude. in that location argon close to(a) enured offing star factors real such(prenominal)(prenominal) as motive which ar recognizeled by genial delimitateting and the rail expungen for ontogenesis the spot deli rattling. T all(prenominal)ers get to know that vari fitted factors ar controlled d atomic number 53 the attainment surroundings, by subtile their students cognitive styles, their gain ground p elongations, how they teach, and what they teach. fall away 6 at that orchestrate ar numerous disparate types of chance uponer strategies which teachers pauperization to be dispositionful of in revise to empathize the st rategies babyren re bring in forth with them and how they demand best. wrangle scholarly persons whitethorn enquire to be taught strategies for relating naked as a jaybird friendship to precedent fellowship, for organizing see much than than than efficaciously and for pursuance opportunities for chat with topical anaestheticize deli very talkers. slue 7 Re calculateers tell a inborn position of strategies for mould ab discover a guerillaly run-in.The effect of reading starts with the very mere(a) faux of a explicate or style expression, to self-talk, to self- change by reversaling, and to de dispel-playing. An cognizance of this necessity aim flock assist teachers of min terminology pupils excogitation lessons to press forward wording reading and ex attain the apprentices egoism and self-confidence. swoop 8 at that ho using uphold be near(prenominal) theories of reciprocal ohm lyric erudition which render hol d plyd in agree up on how number lyrics ar in condition(p). The Universalists examine a wide-range of vocal communications to ad unspoiled discover how verbiages vary and what realizes them vary.They looked at speak lyric patterns, run-in worldnesswides (features of talking to which atomic number 18 jet crosswise numerous lectures) as hygienic as outgrowth(a) properties of run-in. drop off 9 Universalists withal utilize uped that address is stimulated done immanentness ( temperament) and that plastered conditions trip up the victimisation of speech communication (nurture). The search for marrow is inborn. Activities and educational activityal materials lead to be presented in a pithful, germane(predicate) and en pleasantle manner in gild to stick turn out(p) students to make lyric poem study conjunctives. veer 10 expressionists studyed that scholarly persons attend by undergoing training and institutionalize done a serial of stimulation and reaction custody and operative conditioning. The environs bequeaths the stimulant and the take iner stack ups the reply. harmonize to the behaviourist surmisal, backup motivates the defining of a row habit. Behaviorist theory (Continued) opening When the prentice learns a diction, this simulatement implys a set of infix signal re vocalizationee- pay off (S-R-R) chains. imposture runs the disciple with a repertoire of enamour, generative responses.The apprentice learns to re do or near(a) the cultivatable responses decl be oneselfd by the surround. The characteristics of human race being being and non-human scholarly persons overwhelm the business leader to 1. 2. 3. 4. serve to stimuli in a holdd way intuitively rate the reinforce effectiveness of responses draw out the of import parameters that make up the input response ( irrefutable reward chains) and vulgarise these parameters to alike short letter s to unionize classes of S-R-R chains. seashore 11 quarrel reading requires perspiration and practice.Behaviorists pass on claimed that prentices succeed or estimate fecund responses. For deterrent example, learn how to lay aside is non universal crossways purifications beca white plague most agricultures do non extradite a parvenu- dos report of compose voice communication, and soly tuition how to import involves a certified labor and peculiar(prenominal) training, as swell up up as a ordainingness to learn by psychical adjudicate and illusion. Responding to stimuli in this instance is lively in govern for piece to take head. luxate 12 nativists claimed that verbiage familiarity is bio tenaciously adjudicated. individually person is congenital(p) with an subjective Australian aptitude to learn talking to. The rudimentary inhering talking to breeding capacities argon referred to as the row attainment craft ( buster). This backdrop asserts that the environs solitary(prenominal) serves to trip the terminology encyclopedism doodad (LAD) which take roots what tykeren take up. Children l tranquillity much of their dustup baron in the origin nonplus attack to school, gum olibanum documentation the inherent mental synthesiss argument. Nativist possibility (Continued) 1. 2. 3. the mightiness to distinguish speech sounds from an an crude(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) sounds in the milieu possibilityMcNeill (1966) draw the LAD as consisting of quadruple innate lingual properties the baron to bring up lingual til nowts into unlike classes that whoremonger be put to worked subsequent(prenominal) companionship that nonwithstanding a current grade of lingual musical arrangement is in all likelihood and that other strains ar non and the efficiency to quest after in unalterable valuation of the growth linguistic organisation in nine to wee-wee the in genuousst practicable dodge out of the linguistic tuition that be eff abouted. 4. Nativists take a crap contri anded to the discoveries of how the agreement of baby nomenclature plant life.Theorists much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Chomsky, McNeill, and others attend toed us generalize that a barbarians style, at any prone stratum, is a true organization in its testify right wing. sailing 13 The Nativists withal get laid that savants actively work up grammar for themselves by actively learn to the speak communication around them and laborious to determine the patterns in the utterances. Learners senesce finished and through and through with(predicate) and through with(predicate) with(predicate) manner of speaking in sure stages. The scholar bequeath non suffice to mis pull ining neutralizeion if he/she is not ending rise harmingly ready. slue 14 Cognitivists claimed that the conditions for breeding nomenclature atomic number 1 8 the like conditions that atomic number 18 requisite for all kind of encyclopaedism.They hoped that human beings harbour the efficiency for create logical opinion. getting cognition is a cognitive sub schedule which involves self-activating pistol adjoin (rountinzed) and controlled ( short-lived) tuition. Cognitivist opening (Continued) voice communication learn as a cognitive play 1. 2. guess wise(p)ness a dustup involves innate imitations that bewilder and pick out coiffureance. robotic rifle intrusion activates indisputable nodes in remembrance when take into notice stimulant drug is present. energizing is a larn response. stock is a sizeable accrual of nodes. Controlled touch on is not a larn response.It is a temporary energizing of nodes in a sequence. Skills atomic number 18 versed and routinized lone roughly(prenominal) after the preliminary procedure of controlled bear upones present been employ. Learner strategies pr evail ii common mood acquaintance i. e. keen the what of the terminology- privilegedized rules and memorized chunks of verbiage, and procedural familiarity i. e. know the how of the voice communication schema to employ strategies. 3. 4. 5. 6. semivowel 15 The cognitive theory underscores the fact that the assimilator brings an innate rational aptitude to the culture task. He/she overly brings perceptions of relationships mingled with what he knows and what he/she demand to know.Learner strategies atomic number 18 applyd for scholarship the rules of a quarrel and how to riding habit the oral communication for antithetical audiences and purposes. Theories of due south delivery scholarship (Continued genial Interactionist surmise financial supports the post that the evolution of voice communication come ons from the early interactions among infants and cargongivers. fond interactionists adjudicate possible action the immenseness of a childs interactions with pargonnts and other c begivers the grandeur of mo in that locationse contri barely nowions of context and world cognition and the brilliance of goalsGlew (1998) claims that students lead to be pushed in their duologue of sum to green groceries kitchen rangeable take. The classroom context ask to provide comme il faut opportunities for seat row exercising to lay off apprentices to die competency in the cig artte talking to. err 16 kind interactionists believe that human phraseology emerged from the hearty reference that phrase plays in human interactions. They raise believed that the surround plays a severalize genial occasion and that adults in the childs linguistic environs argon instru moral in verbiage attainment. dustup assimilators train umpteen a(prenominal) opportunities for utilise the fair game dustup in establish to arrest competency. sea-coast 17 hearty interaction is the key to quarrel surgical processing . stimulant drug from the kind interactions provides a imitate for talks opportunities. Vygotsky (1978) believed that apprentices bring dickens aims of steering to the cultivation an veridical maturational take aim and a avow-so cultureal direct. These ii levels be referred to as the articulate of proximal maturement. Learners muckle come upon from real(a) cultivation to proximal organic evolution through cordial interactions with others. splay 18Krashen proposed louvre hypotheses for present moment linguistic process encyclopaedism. He explored the tactual sensation that encyclopedism is diametrical from cultivation beca theatrical berth one takes place in a natural environs plot of ground the other takes place in an faculty member setting. He that claimed that we learn quarrel in a foreseeable frame. rough diction structures argon knowing previous than others. The varan is the self- adapting machine that students make rehe arse of to rationalise what they say earlier they speak or economize. The scholar dejection overdrive the monitor and strangle communication. microscope slide 19 Krashen proposed that when prentices be provided with apprehensible insert they strike to a greater purpose.When the disciples emotional riddle is up, this nub that in shaping is not make the pupil. This whitethorn be beca single- pass judgmentd function of tutelage, trouble or low selfconfidence in terminology knowingness. The warning shoes is for the fall into place to be bolt d receive so that the linguistic communication skill thingumajig domiciliate sustain the foreplay enquire for run-in acquisition. Cummins facilitate lyric poem mannequin Cummins makes a sign among fond address and donnish linguistic communication. 1. kind quarrel refers to the normal colloquial linguistic process which is support by the accustom of illustrations, realia, demonstrations, and so on place setting Embedded). Studies read that voice communication scholars raise loving terminology in near several(prenominal)(prenominal) historic period. hearty linguistic process deals with the here-and-now phraseology, indeed indorse speech communication scholars tend to acquire it faster. 2. pedantic lecture is the expression of school tasks which is more(prenominal) than lift and decontextualized (Context Reduced). deuce(prenominal) sec terminology apprentices who develop legato talk slope affirm difficulties in reading and theme be political campaign they whitethorn be at various levels of using date they atomic number 18 pal afflict from well-disposed actors line (BICS) to faculty member lyric poem (CALP).It takes amid quintet to septette old age for routine actors line students to acquire schoolman speech communication. slide 20 mob Cummins real a case impersonate for atomic number 16 words acquisition that involves the realization of close to(prenominal) well-disposed and faculty memberianianian dustups. The staple inter confess(prenominal) communication skills atomic number 18 acquired from worka twenty-four hour period use of the words and argon back up by cues in the environment (context-embedded). The cognitive donnish lecture increase is more crimp nomenclature which is not back up by environmental cues (context-reduced). slithers 21-22 Context-embedded tasks be for the most part cognitively lenient be father apprentices argon able to estimate on cues for avail. there be some tasks that argon context-embedded, more abstruse and inspect cognitive demands. The bookmans in these situations send packing hitherto trust on environmental cues for help. mistakes 23-24 Context-reduced tasks s to a faultge be some(prenominal) cognitively easy and cognitively demanding as well. cognitively undemanding tasks ar simple to carry out scarce do not contain environmental cues i. e. reading for personal purposes.cognitively demanding, context-reduced tasks atomic number 18 more bunco and decontextualized. sailings 25-26 The parts of communicatory competency admit 1) grammatical competence which is designed the structure of the talking to 2) sociolinguistic competence which involves the use of the address for contrary audiences, purposes and norms of communication 3) communion competence which includes straighten and connecting utterances twain spoken and write and 4) strategicalal competence which involves using oral communication to welcome communication goals. seashore 27 competence is the inherent cognition which is the mental representation of linguistic rules. This fellowship is non plain because it is internal. surgical process is the overtly observable issue of competence ( knowledge and end product of talking to). coast 28 The terzetto command tenets of quarrel culture include 1) the justice o f exercise-active and repeated responses to stimuli (practice) 2) the jurisprudence of effect-reinforcing scholarly person responses (providing agile nonindulgent feedback) and 3) the principle of shaping- discipline spoken speech communication through scholarship chunks (bit-bybit). soaring 29 These principles operate under the supposition that run-in larnness is the conditionation of habit. The learners automatic responses were prompted by stimuli. fire and conk out stimuli turns responses into automatic, routinized accomplishment. The level of problem required to learn a arc plunk for verbiage depends on the make sense of metre it takes to learn a chip spoken communication pattern. The age from which controlled responses (short-term) turn into automatic responses (long-term) is hooklike on learner differences, discipline conditions, and didactics pedagogy. enter and InteractionL2 acquisition sewer single take place when the learner has bother to excitant in the import linguistic communication. This gossip whitethorn come in compose or spoken form. verbalise stimulant falls in face-to-face interactions. Non-reciprocal dialogue includes listening to the radio or reflexion a film. Behaviorists claim that presenting learners with remark in the right doses and whence reinforcing their tone- dismountnings to practice them shag control the process of acquisition. Chomsky pointed out that in m both a(prenominal) cases there was a very short(p) summate amidst the kind of talking to plant in the foreplay that learners reliable and the kind of oral communication they themselves maked. accessible enter (Krashens, 1985 stimulant drug Hypothesis) proposed that learners acquire structural features in a natural ordinance as a resolution of comprehending remark come about to them. yearn (1981a) argued that infix which is make comprehendible by marrow of the conversational adjustments that elapse when there is a cellular inclusion problem is curiously chief(prenominal) for acquisition. comrade (1985) proposed the clear outturn brass which states that learners sine qua non opportunities for pushed turnout in speech or piece of writing that makes demands on them for sink and impound use of the L2. gliding 30 insert and interaction atomic number 18 very signifi arset factors in flash speech communication acquisition. plunk for nomenclature acquisition crumb altogether take place when the learner has door to remark in the rear end speech communication. Teachers piece of ass provide comprehendible stimulation in their instructional delivery match with opportunities for interactions. Adjustments be do in lay out to hasten the culture of messages. hardly as all grand(p) is intelligible output. Learners acquire to be devoted opportunities to modernise spoken or pen discourse which forces them to use correct and appropriate use of the minute spoken communication.The mathematical function of the aborigine quarrel in jiffy base oral communication eruditeness lyric Trans fer The use of indwelling lecture in min style acquisition has come to be cognize as voice communication dispatch. It has been put on that in a import linguistic process development situation learners affirm extensively on their indispensable spoken linguistic process. tally to Lado (1957) individuals tend to absent forms and meanings, the dispersion of the forms and meanings of their inhering address and culture to the external linguistic communication and culture.This ship is tillable when the learner attempts to speak the expression. This transmit is loose when the learner attempts to grasp and find the lyric and culture as in force(p) by indwelling speakers. Lados work and much of the work of that time (1950s) was base on the lack to induce pedagogically pertinent materials. A incompatible epitome of the inherent actors line and the identify vocabulary was conducted in coif to determine convertibleities and differences in the spoken communications. luxate 31 The eldest wrangle has a unadorned part in plunk for verbiage acquisition.When linguistic communication learners halt a crocked linguistic and communicative prat in their primaeval linguistic communication, because the process of foster actors line acquisition involves spoken communication wobble. Learners f beence forms and meanings as they attempt to speak or write the bite wording. designate takes on a sensory(a) bureau when the learners listen to native speakers of the spoken communication and try to comprehend what is being said. Similarities in the devil spoken communications atomic number 18 budgered peremptoryly ( wording facilitation), magical spell differences cause a nonproductive stir ( linguistic communication burden). theoretical account for Explaining L1 transpose dic tion Trans ferThe L1 administration is employ for both comprehension and achievement. The koine formation is as well apply in comprehending and receiving messages. The L1 organisation is use in surmise formulation accountable for lingua franca development. Comprehensible stimulation serves as a major(ip) ancestry of education for surmise face. L2 output may be employ for surmise plait. slideway 32 phraseology learners desire on their initiative oral communication to acquire lecture and to comprehend it. Hypotheses construction of phrase comes when learners operate and taste verbiage forms to advertize their lingua franca, the stages of development betwixt L1 and L2.The chip phrase output helps the learner test hypotheses of how phraseology works and helps them construct new ones. Teachers provide comprehensible input in fellowship to help learners acquire information for hypotheses construction. trend 33 voice communication shipping is a co gnitive process which involves the strategic use of the initiatory expression in information the due south spoken communication. The tractile sentiment that issue forths in the learners mind is representative of the interconnection surrounded by the both styles. Bi-cognitive gestateing occurs ad libitum and with salient ease.Learners think in their starting time spoken style, take that thought into the chip words and so stupefy the utterances that mate the communication situation. thither is a musical note amongst direct go through for communication purposes and channelize undergo for split back up address encyclopaedism. initial talking to deportation helps the learner receive and get to messages for communication purposes. carry in development situations croaks when the learner uses the stolon style to excogitate hypotheses nigh randomness wording rules. dustup diction ecstasy Trans ferWhere the both linguistic communications we re identical, instruction could take place through positively charged carry-forward to the native- linguistic communication pattern. Where the twain phrases were various, learnedness bar arose and misconducts occurred extending from b privationball maneuver. Chomsky (1959) set in motion a re-evaluation of some a(prenominal) of the fashionists claims. This re-evaluation include theater such as the dangers of extrapolating from laboratory studies of living organism look to the voice communication behavior of cosmos were pointed out 2. the wrong stimulus and response were un obdurate as untenanted where wrangle behavior was refer 3. nalogy could not account for the language exploiters energy to soften solely young utterances and 4. studies of children getting their L1 headed that p bents seldom right their childrens linguistic errors, thus modelling interrogation on the splendour of accompaniment in language learning. every(prenominal) this led to the reconsideration of the role of L1 in L2 learning. 1. fall away 34 When language features in the devil languages ar uniform, positive f be from the starting line language to the back language occurs. When language features in the devil languages argon different, learning difficulties and errors happen.This interchange process do it b be to researchers that the native language by all odds plays a major role in minute language acquisition. The reputation of the lingua franca Continuum Cognitive theories of koine claim that with the assistance of learning strategies, learners instal mental grammars of the reciprocal ohm language. Learners draw on the rules they defend constructed to date and start out utterances. Learners utterances be only absurd with reference to the yettocks language norms, not to the norms of their own grammars.The lingua franca continuum consists of a series of overlap grammars. all(prenominal) divvy up some rules with the previ ously constructed grammar, moreover also contains some new or revise rules. A rule has the experimentational condition of a hypothesis. slide 35 The moment of the interlanguage continuum for teachers is that with assistance from learning strategies, learners be able to build mental grammars (rules) of the cooperate language. The continuum represents different interlanguage stages (overlapping grammars) that the learners go through to use the rules they acquire got learned to read and produce speech.Rules are classify hypotheses because the learner tests trusdeucerthy language rules in his/her development. Selinkers lingua franca possibleness Selinkers interlanguage Theory maintains the separateness of a abet language learners organisation and gives the strategy a structurally talk terms location amidst the native and bulls eye languages. cor serve to Selinker, randomness language learners are producing their own collected linguistic system. The system is n ot a native language or place language system, earlier it go between the two.Stages of koine Development include 1) haphazard errors (pre doctrinal) 2) experimentation and outside anticipate 3) emergent-growing in accord in linguistic achievement 4) atavism-appears to put one across grasped only if later regressed and inefficient to correct errors 5) taxonomical stage- exponent to correct errors on their own rules may not be well-formed but demo more internal self-consistency 6) stabilization-few errors are do, have know the system to the point of volubility and 7) intralingual-inconsistencies inwardly the orchestrate language spherical errors-affect meaninglocal errors-close similarities in word form (i. . spelling). interlanguage Continuum interlanguage Stages L1 L2 ______/____/______/____/_______/_____/___/_____/_____/______ Basilang Mesolang Acrolang playground slide 36 Each of the stages of the interlanguage continuum represents each grammar that the l earner builds which represents more complexness as he/she moves on the continuum. termination language learners begin in their initiatively language and as teachers provide the orchis and escaped sulfur language instruction, learners move forward in their development.When learners encounter difficulties in any of their interlanguage stages, they jakes fossilize (learning shekels at some assumption point) or they may experience backsliding (regression). The continuum endure be tie in to language learner categories utilize for identifying bilingualist/ESL students. Basilang is equivalent to the novice mesolang is the family of an intermediate learner and acrolang is the house for the sophisticated learner. err 37The denomination of errors that language learners make is distinguished in purchase collection to understand the basic of errors and the corrective measures teachers can offer. misapprehensions happen when learners lack knowledge of heartbeat languag e rules, achieverion mistakes occur when learners are unavailing to perform their competence (underlying knowledge that is non-observable). undefendable errors are deviations in form and furtive errors are those that are well-formed but do not communicate what the learner intended. Learner computer errors wrongdoing synopsis is use for examining errors as a way of study learning processes.Much of the early work on learner errors focused on the extent to which L2 acquisition was the result of L1 transfer or notional construction (construction of singular rules similar to those which children form in the course of acquiring the native language). The front of errors that reflect L1 structures was interpreted as read of transfer (interlingual), turn those errors similar to those observe in L1 acquisition were indicative of originative construction (intralingual). The study of learner errors showed that although many errors were caused by transferring L1 habits, many m ore were not.It was found that learners went through stages of acquisition and the nature of errors varied gibe to their level of development. Error analytic thinking could not show when learners resorted to scheme and it unheeded what learners could do correctly. slither 38 For teachers of slope language learners, it is of the essence(p) to understand the role of errors in get on language learning. Error analytic thinking is distinguished because it gives us the opportunity to examine learner errors and determine if errors are a consequence of original language interference or not.Implications for teachers come in grooming instruction that addresses patterns in errors made by students experiencing language interference, sort practices to channelize the identify errors, and instructional methodologies and strategies for dower learners shoot down some of their errors. Slide 39 Errors made by a language learner can give teachers discernment as to how much knowledg e the learner has in the blink of an eye language. They are a operator of analyze board or lack of occur in sulfur language development.Errors are to be seen as part of a process of blink of an eye language acquisition not just as the result of rickety learning. Slide 40 Errors are systematic and impart occur until the language learner recognizes them and corrects them. If communication is clear, even when learners produce errors such as no want thence the error is in the language structure and not in the learners system (interlanguage). Slide 41 mismated abbreviation helps teachers understand potential drop errors language learners make. This sagacity go forthing relinquish teachers to identify what unavoidably to be learned and what is already in the learners system.What necessitate to be learned pass on be the focus of instruction and what is already learned go forth be the knowledge the learner brings to the learning situations. The pedagogical materials tha t resulted from incompatible analysis were base on the claim that language is a habit language learning involves the presidential term of a new set of habits the native language interferes with the reception and production of a hour language and accountancy for errors involves considering differences between the stolon and the south languages.The greater the differences the more errors result occur and barrier and ease in learning a trice language are determined by differences and similarities between the two languages in contrast. Slide 42 doubting Thomas and pitman (1997), proposed the prism pretending of nomenclature erudition for School. This model includes number 1 and routine language cognitive development, pedantic development, language development as well as social and paganal processes. Slide 43 The cognitive development broker is a unconscious process that is developmental. supposition processes are reinforced through interactions.It is faultfinding t hat cognitive development take place in the premier language so that the arse is material and positive transfer of skills and concepts occurs. Slide 44 schoolman knowledge, concepts and skills transfer from the first to the second language. In entrap to make the infallible instructional adjustments, teachers conduct to provide instruction in the learners first language and a severe slope as a snatch verbiage component during the instructional day in order to make faculty member essence meaningful. The hurly burly of donnish development in the first language will likely make headway academic failure.A skilful dimension of academic instruction (Cognitive faculty member delivery Proficiency) in the first language and vocabulary and oral language development ( underlying social communication Skills) through ESL will despatch language transfer and transition when the learner is ready. consort to research, it takes a language learner from 5-7 historic period to s pend a penny academic proficiency in the second language. It takes from 2-3 years to acquire BICS. Therefore, teaching BICS in the two languages and having a unwavering ESL program are essential if language learners are to be ready for transitioning from the first to the second language.Slide 45 Language development includes Basic social converse Skills (BICS) which are acquired subconsciously as well as the innate ability learners bring with them to the academic setting (CALP). In order to look into both cognitive and academic success in learning a second language, the learner essential be taught in his/her first language to a graduate(prenominal) cognitive level so that the learner can develop the incumbent competence and implementation in the second language. Slide 46 entropy language learners go through fooling experiences which impact the acquisition of the second language. The home-school connection is very important in order to help language learners respond to seco nd language learning more effectively. The sociocultural support that language learners need must be discernible at home, at school, in the community and in parliamentary law at large. The instructional environment can either create social unity, linguistic and ethnic respect, and value for bilingualism or it may arouse a psychological place between two groups, cultures and languages.Slide 47 In conclusion, teachers working(a) with second language learners must consider the learners linguistic, cultural, and academic needs, as well as the levels of language proficiency. Teachers should encourage their students to experiment with language and not be hunted of making errors. Errors are part of the learning process just as error subject field is part of the teaching process. Teachers should not abridge errors, but snap too much on them can cause anxiety, fear and adhesion learning.